Velicity Von Working Again

Yunus and his Grameen Bank

Excerpt from the report on microcredit. Fable interesting ...

Grameen bank was founded in 1976 in for Bangladesh by Muhammad Yunus. Literally Grameen means "village bank".

beginning of the 70th Yunus was a young assistant at the university and began to notice something was wrong. The percentage of poor in rural villages in Bangladesh was very high and most regrettable is that the poor remained poor. Economic theory studied at university, Keynes, the neo-classical, money, not enough to Yunus. He did not understand why the banks offer money only to those who more than others did not need it. According to the economic attractiveness of the growth of the problem was that the least developed countries. The concept of credit was done only on collateral, and therefore the poorer sections of society were disadvantaged by failing to ensure nothing if not his person.

After graduation, Yunus discovered America. The trip to the West opened the mind of the young Asian. Development, growth, welfare foundations of society were the stars and stripes. And most unusual thing was that people were good for their own merit. The state in fact was neither "little father" as in Mao's China, no big brother as in the Soviet reality.

Yunus was impressed. He came from an economically backward country. The order of things he was used did not coincide with an established and growing as the American empire. The society of Bangladesh, like all other countries that were slowly detaching from India was a reality that was in the middle of two extremes absolutism: the real socialism and religion.

Uno Stato che prendeva tutto e si occupa di ridistribuire in forma eguale a tutti era la prassi a est, e in alternativa la via era quella della teocrazia. In tutti e due i casi gli effetti erano gli stessi.

Assoluta povertà, crescita frenata, e ruolo della donna relegato a oggetto di casa.

La svolta comunque si ebbe nel 1974. Yunus tornò dall’America, e l’esperienza coincise con la grande carestia che attanagliò il Bangladesh. Migliaia di poveri costretti alla miseria e uno stato che non sapeva come fronteggiare il bisogno di tanti.

At that time Bangladesh enjoyed as all countries' development aid from the World Bank. Aid in the rain helped a few seconds Yunus at the expense of many.

The World Bank annually issued loans and aid to the country. The Government, however, could not redistribute evenly aid as a share-citizens did not lead to any growth due to the large mass of offenders. Lacking economic culture, the investments were too low because visible. The money ended up and then to swell the coffers of banks and the already powerful caste in the country. Uscire da una situazione così complessa appariva difficile, anche perché la situazione internazionale era complessa. In piena guerra fredda paesi come l’India manifestavano la chiara volontà di non allinearsi, in quella sorta di ambiguità che non portò sicuramente benefici di alcun tipo ai vicini della più antica democrazia del mondo.

Yunus non accettò tutto ciò e venne folgorato da un’idea. Perché non aiutare i poveri concedendogli prestiti?

La garanzia sarebbe stata la sua stessa dignità. Il povero garantisce se stesso. Yunus aveva ben chiaro che concedendo piccoli prestiti to many, would have been so many people out of poverty.

Why not do charity ol'elemosina? According to Yunus, the concept of gift is ill-suited to a reality in need of "doing" as that of Bangladesh. If you give money to the poor to eat, when he finished eating will still need money. In the long run will understand that the poor will always eat, but do not create wealth, but taking advantage of the kindness of others. This can only lead to a redistribution of wealth, but merely a logic of "hand pass" and not economically advanced. In fact, the passage money has no return in terms of wealth creation. This can only be detrimental to the economy.

The banks were not willing to help the poor because there was no guarantee that the loan would have been unable to comply. Yunus then took the trouble to give him the same loans giving incentives to the poor. The loans were usually in groups. The group was the guarantee. The guarantee that if one had not paid the debt, all the others could not get new loans.

The sum of the loans were later released only to start a business. On the one hand to stimulate the supply of lavoro creando ricchezza, e dall’altro incentivava i poveri a restituire il prestito.

Seppure i prestiti erano piccole somme dotate di interessi abbastanza elevati, il povero sapeva che se voleva mettere su un’attività propria e uscire da una condizione di miseria, doveva per forza adempiere ai propri obblighi costantemente, pena il ritornare alla condizione di povertà antecedente al ricordo al credito.

Yunus era certo che tutti avrebbero operato in questo senso. Contrarie invece le grandi banche del paese che vedevano il povero sempre più povero, identificandolo solo in base a quello che aveva, e non a quello che poteva diventare.

Yunus trovò sempre difficoltà nel rapporto con le banche e in particolare con la Banca Mondiale , criticata spesso dall’economista per l’insensatezza degli aiuti a “pioggia” come già ricordato.

Grande attenzione era al ruolo delle donne. Yunus era credente. Musulmano praticante. Ma si rifiutava di considerare la donna come un’oggetto e rifiutava l’idea che fosse solo il marito a doversi occupare della famiglia.

La donna per Yunus doveva entrare nel circolo vizioso dell’economia e responsabilizzandola anche tramite incentivi al lavoro, poteva fare uscire la sua figura da quella condizione di ghetto che ancora, nel 2007 la attanaglia in tante realtà nei paesi in via di sviluppo.

Ecco perché Grameen ha concesso soprattutto a donne sia la possibilità di lavoro e sia la concessione di prestiti. Il 90 % dei soggetti che hanno ricevuto prestiti sono appunto donne. Donne vogliose di libertà, e donne che hanno capito che la parità sessuale è la prima condizione per una crescita nell’interesse dei cittadini.

Seppur tra mille difficoltà il progetto Grameen, da piccola realtà si è espanso in tutto il paese.

Dopo tanta fatica le è stata concessa lo status di banca. Banca diversa sì. Ma pur sempre banca con tutte le agevolazioni che hanno gli istituti di credito in materia di aiuti e prestiti.

Partendo dal 1974, anno della carestia quindi, il percorso di Yunus e di Grameen attraverso numerose prove.

Nel 1976 il villaggio di Jobra e altri villaggi che circondano l'Università di Chittangong divennero le prime aree in cui era possibile usufruire dei servizi della Grameen Bank. La Banca obtained an immense success and the project, with the support of the Government, was extended in 1979 to Tangail district (north of the capital Dhaka ). The Bank's continued success and soon expanded to several other districts in Bangladesh until 1983 Parliament has transformed it into an independent bank.

elevatissmo The rate of loan repayment to the Bank slowed in 1995 to boycott because of the nature of religious fundamentalist implemented by some sectors of society against the Bank's objective to improve the status delle donne. Il boicottaggio rientrò presto; purtroppo l'andamento dei rimborsi alla Banca entrò nuovamente in difficoltà nel 1998 a causa dell'inondazione del Bangladesh ed ha ripreso il suo ritmo solo di recente.

La Banca oggi continua ad espandere la propria attività in tutto lo Stato e tuttora fornisce piccoli prestiti ai poveri delle campagne. A metà del 2006 le filiali della Grameen Bank ammontavano a più di 2.100.

Alcuni dati aggiornati al 2006 ci mostrano come Grameen sia una realtà ora affermata in tutto il mondo, sia in paesi sviluppati not.

An unusual feature of the Grameen Bank is that it is the property of their indigent clients funded by the bank, most of whom are women. Customers financed hold a 94% stake in the bank and the remaining 6% is owned by the Government of Bangladesh.

Other facts relating to the Bank, updated in May 2006 are as follows: The total amount of funding is 6.39 million customers, 96% of whom are women.

The Bank has 2185 branches in 69,140 villages with a total of 17,336 employees and a repayment rate of loans is 98.45%.

The total of loans granted since the banking amounted to Taka 263.84 billion (5.34 billion U.S. dollars). Of them have been returned to Tk 234.75 billion (4.73 billion U.S. dollars).

The bank also based on the mechanism sixteen principles summarized in the statutes of the bank:

1. We want to follow and uphold the four principles of Grameen Bank (Discipline, Unity, Courage and Hard Work) at any time in our lives;

2. We want to bring welfare into our families;

3. We do not want to live in ruined houses, we want to repair our houses and we want to work to build new ones as soon as possible;

4. We cultivate our gardens all year around, we want to eat plenty of vegetables and want to sell the surplus;

5. In the period of seed we plant the greatest possible amount of shoots

6. We plan births so that our families are small, we want to contain our costs and we want to take care of our health

7. We want to educate our children and be assured that they can earn to pay for their education;

8. We want to keep our children and clean the environment;

9. We want to build and use latrines with septic tanks;

10. We want to drink water from wells dug up the slopes, and if not available, boil water or we use alum;

11. not vogliamo accettare nessuna dote ai matrimoni dei nostri figli maschi né vogliamo darne per i matrimoni delle nostre figlie: manterremo i nostri villaggi liberi dalla maledizione della dote; e non celebreremo nessun matrimonio tra bambini;

12. Non vogliamo infliggere alcuna ingiustizia a nessuno né consentiremo a chicchessia di farlo;

13. Vogliamo fare insieme investimenti comuni sempre più cospicui dai quali ottenere redditi sempre più alti;

14. We are always ready to help one another, if someone / a is in trouble him / her help;

15. If we come to know of breaches of discipline in some village, we will go to lend a hand to restore it;

16. will participate together in joint activities.

The new frontiers of Grameen are open. To keep pace with the times have been proposed several changes to the original system of the bank. The main innovations concern the range of financial products. The novelties are contained in the paper of Yunus in 2002 called "Grameen Bank 2" . The name of the project, Grameen Generalised System have resulted from the need to make the whole system less rigid and standardized, the more elastic that it can be even closer to people's needs, trying to protect and enhance the unique personality and identity.

Effettuando una prima analisi in parallelo fra modello tradizionale e modello generale di sistema possiamo immediatamente scorgere la coerenza di fondo del nuovo progetto rispetto al sistema originario.

Il concetto di solvibilità del povero resta un punto focale ed immutato, confortato da nuovi dati empirici, i quali evidenziano un’altissima solvibilità (98%) di tutti quegli individui che avendo sforato la data di scadenza del prestito si impegnano ad un totale rimborso, maggiorato degli adeguati interessi, in un tempo futuro. La valorizzazione delle attività comunitarie inerenti il lavoro, e la modalità di concessione ed erogazione del credit to small groups of people, concepts remain extremely tight.

The centrality of the female category, act as an agent privileged access to credit, is strongly supported.

The new system offers some tricks and new concepts / products, which apparently differ from the classical canon, as we shall see, however, does not pose absolutely contradictory, but are running it. Among the highlights of this new structure of the Grameen Bank are:

- Flexibility in terms of loan amounts, terms and maturities.

- Customizing ad hoc micro-credit programs.

- Access to credit is also allowed to private individuals.

- New lines and pension insurance.

- Outsourcing of utility and disutility of internalization, the individual may make in relation to the working group (removal of common mutual fund group).

- System of proposals aimed at meritocracy not hesitate inequalities.

- Elimination of the poor practices that led to states of stress and nervous tension.

microconcetti As appears from the above, despite having given the impression slightly individualistic micro-credit system, the new structure has not diminished in any way the original orientation tended sociality and relatedness within the horizontal relationships among members of the working groups, and indeed it has greatly increased if we consider the relationship “verticali” che intercorrono fra Grameen Bank e singolo utente, ovvero la persona nelle sua interezza e poliedricità.

La soluzione tesa all’accoglienza e valorizzazione di ogni singola persona, che operativamente si

traduce in termini di flessibilità ed individualizzazione di alcuni aspetti del programma di

microcredito è stata una scelta sicuramente opportuna ed efficace, soprattutto ora che la

struttura organizzativa della Grameen Bank è in grado di poterla support and maintain a proper and rigorous.

The Grameen project goes ahead then. The basic concepts remain even if the challenge is still open, especially compared to a globalization that continues forgetting back larger and larger groups of people, that even before the media does not have the tools to keep pace with the times.

Grameen is this: give the poor tools.

# Sony Network Camera Snc-m1″

But there is no democracy in Russia?

Since 2000, the advent of the former KGB official, in Russia everyone is wondering if it is still possible to speak of democracy. The fate of Putin every year are becoming increasingly worrisome.

There is no global diplomatic conflict where the somehow Russia is not present.

The United Nations is blocked by the vetoes of the former Soviet Union and still Communist China.

The mysteries of the past political assassinations thicken and is increasingly involved with the Russian state apparatus, though on a purely indirect as in the new tactics of Putin.

Global warming seems to have led at least one advantage: the winter is not as cold as it has always been, and Gazprom does not have the ability to make us shake your teeth for four months a year.

The Russia so it's in our heads every day and is present in current international.

The presidential elections in 2000 and 2004 were won by majorities Putin to Bulgaria for the lack of a real opposition.

repression protests and bureaucratic constraints have been implemented systematically by the apparatus of internal security of the Russian Federation.

On December 4, 2007 will be held instead of the parliamentary elections where the presidential party, United Russia, seems to have no rivals. Former chess champion Kasparov is doing everything possible to bring thousands of people in the streets. But people are afraid. She is afraid as she had when the streets were wanted by the military muster Brezhnev and Khrushchev during the years of terror. Then it will be difficult for liberals, Communists and reformers get a better result than that of 2003 where a 40% Russia United got more than a majority of seats in the Duma. For December a result it is feared even more extreme with the party able to bear up to 50% of the vote.

Apparently there is nothing wrong with numbers. No harm if one does not know what is happening in Russia is evolving and how the internal political system.

The other day the Russian President said goodbye to power is back. At most it will be a goodbye. New Constitution forbids that we can resubmit three times for president. The fact remains that Putin possa presentarsi come primo ministro per un mandato per poi tornare il sella nel 2012 per la prossima legislatura. A questo punto tutto si gioca intorno alla nomina che farà il principale partito alla guida del Paese. Russia Unita appunto.

Nel discorso dell’altro ieri Putin ha indicato che il suo successore dovrà essere «una persona perbene, capace e moderna disposta a lavorare in squadra con lui». Insomma, un presidente fantoccio, che, salvo colpi di scena, risponderà al nome dell’attuale premier, il fedelissimo e sconosciuto Viktor Zubkov.

Medvedev, l’altro possibile candidato, son of power and energy industry, seems too young to take the helm of the Motherland Russia. It is also said to be in place for an attempt to curb his ambitions of power, deemed too explicit by the entourage of the president. All that remains is then Zubkov, a man of trust and unknown. That is indeed harmless. Early next year the two will exchange functions at least in formal terms, but Putin remains the only real boss.

The Russian press claims that the Russia is taking the form of a parliamentary republic, leaving the presidential model. But it seems an excuse, because the reality is that in the next legislative power is ever more firmly in the hands of Vladimir.

The oligarchic regime is already set long ago. The "caste" Boris Yeltsin asserted that industry has made its way to monopoly Gazprom, which has eaten away all the others players in the exploitation of energy resources. The State has purged by Gazprom and dismantled the last remnants of what was the counter-revolution for democracy.

The former Yukos boss Khodorkovsky Mikhial before being arrested and sent to prison in Siberia has risked his life for have turned against Putin.

And then he, the arch-enemy, the oligarch of oligarchs, Boris Berezovsky who has vowed that the war on Putin, and then to the entire Russia. The air and oil magnate was the most pampered in the Kremlin when Boris Yeltsin was.

in '99 when it was clear that Yeltsin chose Putin as his successor, for Berezovzki things began to change. From operator of power began to become suspicious of power. That was a difficult period. The cruel blow Russia Chechnya Berezovsky and felt that it was time to breathe deeply.
also because the judges, with no more to protect Yeltsin's oligarchs, and went on to question his shares in the state company Aeroflot and the legality of his ownership of Logovaz, the company that made cars of the Soviet state, privatized.
During one of his frequent visits to London, chose to remain there.

had meanwhile sold its interests in media, including the supervision of business newspaper "Kommersant .
He left so half his latest project politico: nel 2000 aveva creato dal nulla uno spontaneo partito politico , « Russia Liberale », che secondo le sue intenzioni doveva unire in un blocco tutti gli uomini d’affari (del suo stampo) « sostenitori del libero mercato ».
Partito finito nel nulla da quando manca di spontanei finanziamenti e da quanto i comunisti sembrano l’unico tentativo di andare contro il sistema attuale.

Con Berezovski si è chiusa definitivamente l’era degli oligarchi. Quelli che rimangono rispondono direttamente a Putin. Le libertà economiche in Russia sono arrivate before those policies.

But these freedoms were the first also to become less "free" and more governed from above.

At the end of the first of '89 has not changed much. What will change from a state that dominates the economy in a state dominated by a subject that dominates the economy? Nothing. Only the power shifts from direct to indirect.

This seems to be the new way to New Russia, as new as the old mechanisms and logic of power sharing.

The idea flashed in the Kremlin to give the Putin government, before returning to the place that most are concerned, does not go in the direction you would like the International Community.

The recent show of force on the missile system and reset the strategic decision by Putin goes hand in hand with the economic ladder.

The bases are still lying on the Volga and Polyarny the Kilo class submarine, Minsk and Kiev, which so frightened at Kennedy during the Cold War. That is why any attempt to shake the Russian military pride by Putin, can not fail to think of memories scary stories and we wanted to forget.

United States, to the mouth of Rice, categorically condemns the idea of \u200b\u200bindirect management of power by Putin. But they're waiting for the events, because after that open up another front of terrorism and the axis of evil, seems excessive even for a global empire like the stars and stripes.

In recent days two events have deeply shaken, however, the ambitions of Russian power.

Burma Ukraine.

I monaci buddisti hanno dato fastidio. Il regime birmano non è così brutale come ora i mezzi stampa lo dipingono. Non a caso la protesta è nata su un imprevisto aumento della benzina. Un fatto economico appunto. Non certo per i diritti civili, calpestati si come in ogni altro regime, ma con una brutalità nemmeno paragonabile a quella nord coreana o quella cinese. Chissà se Putin non ha pensato che scene come quelle di Rangoon possano accadere anche a Mosca?

In fondo la situazione, non è poi così diversa. Fa forse solo impressione che il governo russo sia in giacca e cravatta, e invece in Birmania ci sia una giunta militare che governa. Per il resto le analogie sono evidenti.

In Ukraine, the helm of the former Soviet Union, the situation is complex and it seems that from here we can outline a bump in the strategies of Moscow.

After the Orange Revolution that the axis of the blonde Timoshenko and Yushchenko won the election the pro-Russian Yanukovich can not claim power. The man trusted Moscow to Kiev was supported by all the means by Putin, but that was not used to stop the will of the majority of the new Ukrainian people.

Moti, in Ukraine, which traditionally anticipate the fate of the Russian big brother.

Putin knows it. This is why Gazprom has already put on the alert that if Ukraine does not respect its commitments in debt against the energy giant, the valves will be closed again, as two winters ago.

But Putin also knows that the Georgia is waiting for the events, and NATO is a ghost who wanders more and more rooms in Tbilisi. If the ambiguity remains in the fight against terrorism, with the usual verbal violence against the Chechen rebels, and the usual grumbling to the Iranian nuclear decisive at this point will also be the U.S. presidential election.

If friendship with Bush is steadfast and has granted its time of "peace force ', we do not know how events will develop in the case of an exponent of democratic victory. Limestone hand could snug increasingly towards Moscow, the hardening of the relations to the U.S., which is not at all desired by Washington for the reasons listed above.

democracy in Russia, however, still seems far away. The clouds on the sky of Moscow did not presume anything good.

Too often we recognize the merits of Putin as a great power, leaving to run targeted killings, political and economic strategies, which would not be tolerated if committed by other states.

Frequently you pretend not to see a system like that in Russian there are balances to the executive. The judiciary and the parliament, for what it is now, are completely subservient to the Kremlin, in similar style to the Soviet Union.

Real politik then working progress or simply waiting for the events?

One thing is certain.

The Russia slowly evolving . But more and more is coming back to what it was, and what we thought was dead and buried. Who knows when you really realize that.

2.4 Ghz Antennas It Does Work!!!

Israel is acting unilaterally? Hamas vs. Fatah

Sad it or not Israel its part will make it.

The ball, as usual, go to the ANP and Abu Mazen. The criticisms that are often public opinion that Jerusalem is often acting unilaterally. It 'happened so many times and last but not least, the withdrawal from the Gaza Strip by Ariel Sharon.

But since when are the conciliatory gestures in international relations, agreed?

Maybe as a gesture leads to another there can be no negotiations. I do not remember acts of particular importance made it from there Abu Mazen Arafat (apart from giving up to 98% of the promises he asked at Camp David).

not remember even conciliatory gestures by Hamas, in Gaza, but apparently the word "restraint" do not know what that means.

then await events.

Unfortunately many hooks are launched. The fish smells and takes a different route though.